Anatomical Sciences and Problems of human multicolored

Anatomical sciences in the period between the 16Th century and the 19Th is a science that is certainly involved in the problem or mono genesis poly genesis human beings, and therefore also put big attention to ethnographic material and ethnographic at that time. Actually, since the time classical Greek philosophers such as Herodotus (circa 450 BC). Hippocrates (circa 400 BC), but especially Aristotle (circa 350 BC), who have all had to pay attention also to the science of human anatomy, have often used the skulls from neighboring nations who comes from the Greek-race other races, as comparative material in the study of anatomy.

Comparative studies of anatomy has become more intense, especially after the Europeans see more multi-colors of human physical traits, and after more and more appear essay containing ethnographic material as well as reports on the physical characteristics of different-colored people after the 16th century. An example of a similar study of comparative anatomy is such research conducted by physician Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) of Spain and by physician and concurrent biologist and physiologist Carlos Linnaeus (1707-1778) of Sweden, as well as by a biologist and physiologist George de Buffon (1707-1788) from France.

The analysis and classification of multi-color features of the human body is widely based on information materials contained in the articles of ethnography, was carried out by JF Blumenbach, physiology and anatomy expert (1752-1842). In his book De Humani Generi Verietate (1779), which has the meaning of "Know the Origin of Human beings Aneka-Color" can be said was born of a science of physical anthropology as a new science. When it arises also concepts such as races Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American and Malays, which is mainly based on skull characteristics, and about starting the beginning of the 19th century that most of the major universities in Europe present lectures in the science of physical anthropology. In the mid-19th century appear the names of characters such as PP Broca physical anthropology from France, R. Virchow from Germany, G. Sergi from Italy, which has members contribute greatly to the further development of the science of physical anthropology.

Classification of multi-color features of the human body in relation to the history persebarannya on earth, performed by a doctor named JC Prichard who lived from 1786 until 1848. He linking ethnographic data about the physical characteristics of the Tada ethnography of various peoples culture spread in the world. A theory which states that changes in the way of life, it means a change of culture, is also one cause of changes in human physical traits, developed and diuraikannya in two important works, namely Researches into the Physical History of Man, published in 1813 and The Natural History of Man in 1848. Both works are generally regarded as the beginning of the science of physical anthropology, taught at universities in Europe as a science in itself, separated from the science of anatomy.

Role of Graphs in the practicum

Graphs are often used in scientific literature because it can directly show the relationship between two quantities, and more important information more easily captured visually from the graph and the data listed in table form. Besides the role as the above graph, the graph also has a role in analyzing data and testing the model at the time of execution of the experiment.

The graphics are most often used is a Cartesian graph, which has an axis perpendicular to the cross, and fixed or linear scales on each axis. The simplest is a coordinate system in which both axes using the same scale and this is often used by people to draw a mathematical formulas. However, in most applications experimentally, the two quantities are about to be drawn in graphical form different from each other and the scale also have different things. A pair of data, such as Xo and Yo, respectively, can be placed on the graph area in accordance with the scale for x and y axis respectively.

In addition to Cartesian graph, some form of graphs that are commonly used in certain situations are polar graphs, and charts logarithmic graph consisting of log-linear (semi log) and log-log graph. In all types of graphs mentioned above, every point in the graph represents a particular data set, and vice verse. The histogram is a kind of graph that is often used in statistical analysis. Histogram showing the number of members or events that fall between certain values in the observable quantities. Need we know that basically the graph shows the relationship between two quantities, but the effects of other values which can be shown by putting a few curves, namely the value of the third scale different. But this way there is no scale for the magnitude of the third. Another way is to use three-dimensional graph that resembles the map arise, but the paint is very difficult and usually done with a special graphics program on the computer.